Understanding the type of research you are about to undertake is very important as it prepares you and determines the methodology to be used in the research.
While there is no universal yardstick for classifying research, there are three major recognized types of research namely
- Experimental research
- Survey research
- Expost Facto research
Experimental Research
This is a systematic and scientific approach to research mostly used in pure/physical sciences (such as physics, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Geology etc.) where experiments are setup under controlled conditions in the laboratory. The researcher has total control and can manipulate one or more variables while controlling and measuring the changes in the variables.
Experimental research is best suited for explanatory research in which the goal is to study and differentiate between exposure and non-exposure to the treatment conditions of the independent variable. The data collection process is relatively easy as it is often described in a clear and simple presentation.
Survey Research
Survey research is the most popular type of research for social scientists. It encompasses the measurement procedure of variables which involves getting direct answers and reports from participants (respondents) on their perception, behavioural patterns, feelings, thoughts and opinions on topical issues.
Sampling is one of the most important pillars of survey research. This involves identifying a target population and scientifically selecting a sample size (using probability and non-probability sampling techniques). Data is the collected through techniques such as questionnaire system, personal interview, personal observation and focus group discussion from the sample.
The data is then subjected to descriptive or inferential analysis after which generalizations can be made from the sample to cover the entire population.
Expost Facto (After the Fact) Research
This is a category of research in which investigation begins after the occurrence of an event (without interference from the researcher). It is a quasi-experimental approach to research as it also investigates cause and effect relationships between variables. However, the utility of this type of research is that empirical data or research variables cannot be manipulated by the researcher since the event has already occurred.